Aztecs, Incas, and Toltecs

The Americas on the Eve of Invasion I. installation A. By 1500, Americas densely populated by Indians misnomer Columbus/Indies 1. Term has meaning further when utilize to apply to non-Indians B. Mesoamerica and Andean heartland 1. Imperial commonwealths in place when europium arrives 2. Few argonas influenced by two main midsts 3. Areas that developed independently II. Postclassic Mesoamerica A. Introduction 1. Toltecs/Aztecs replace Mayas of 8th nose candy CE a. By 15th century Aztecs created extensive empire war, devotion, agrarian 2. Downfall of Mayans Teotihuacan a. Nomads from North come fell . Toltec Culture 968 established capital Tula 1. Sedentary/agrarian peoples with militaristic ethical code 2. Cult of sacrifice/war 3. Aztecs saw Toltecs as givers of civilizationB. The Toltec Heritage 1. leader Topilitzin followed Quetzalcoatl feathered serpent 2. Empire spread over a great deal of primaeval Mexico 3. 1000 Conquered Chichen Itza Mayans under curtail of Toltecs 4. Toltec influence northward a. Trade greenish blue with American Southwest b. How far to Mississippi/Ohio debatable evidence 1. Stepped temples monastics Mound 2. Ritual sacrifice 3. pottery 4. Social affable stratification . Large city Cahokia could handle 30,000 people C. The Aztec Rise to condition eagle with serpent on cactus 1. Geography aquatic environment chinampas a. Aztecs/Mexicas won lock of lake b. Nomadic tribes or agri furyural culture 2. Political structure alter city with tri scarceary city-states 3. Military tough warriors/fanatic followers of religion 4. 1428 emerged as independent provide D. The Aztec Social Contract 1. Subject peoples a. expect grant, surrender lands, armament service b. King civil power/ paragon on earth 2. Stratified society a. Histories rewritten 3.Human sacrifice cult of military class supplying war captives as sacrifices E. Religion and the Ideology of oppression 1. Incorporated features from past Mesoamerican religions a. Little distinction between humanitys of beau ideals and natural world b. Deities fire, rain, water, corn, sky, sun pantheon 1. Gods of fertility/agriculture 2. Creator deities 3. war and sacrifice c. Female form for all gods 2. Yearly festivals/ceremonies a. Expansive calendar 3. Sacrifice to energize the sun god needed nourishment of human ancestry a. Types and frequency/degree changed with Aztecs borrowed from Toltec . religious conviction vs. political control 4. Religious questions after keep, good life, do gods exist 5. artistic creation has flowers/birds/song and blood F. Tenochtitlan The Foundation of Heaven 1. Metropois central zone of palaces/whitewashed temples 2. Adobe brick residential districts 3. Larger houses for nobility 4. Zoos, gardens for king 5. Geographically connected to island by quatern causeways 6. Calpulli ruled neighborhoods G. Feeding the People The Economy of the Empire 1. Mass universe needed to be fed a. good word b. Irrigat ed agriculture chinampas floating islands 1. 20,000 solid ground 2.High crop yields 4 times a year corn/ stinker 2. Trade a. Regular intervals to market b. Barter or cacao beans/ currency for currency c. Pochteca extensive distance passel 3. State controlled distribution of tribute a. Primarily redistributed to nobility III. Aztec Society in Transition A. rig Social Gulf 1. Life establish on calpulli (neighborhood) groups a. Governed by council of family heads 2. nobility came from heads of calpullis 3. Military leaders based on success in pickings captives a. Ritual warfare uniforms 4. As society grew, widening neighborly contrast no ampleer egalitarian (hmmmwhere have I seen this pattern onward? a. Scribes, artisans, healers between peasants and nobility 5. butcompetition not between social classes, but between corporate groups B. Overcoming Technological Constraints 1. Role of women relatively equal, but subordinate to men a. Peasant women fields, child-rearing b. Revered as weavers c. Polygamy among nobility, monogamy among distressing d. Could inherit property 2. Limits of technology a. Women six hours a day abrasion corn/maize 1. Couldnt be freed from 30-40 hours of preparing food 3. Controlled vast get of people amazingly 1. 5 million to 25 million C.A Tribute Empire 1. Most power in hands of Aztec ruler and point advisor a. elected from best siblings of royal family 2. As time passed, religious rite sacrifice/military dominated all elements of life 3. City-states as long as they made tribute they could have autonomy 4. Weaknesses a. Rise of nobles change dynamics b. Society based on system of terror 5. By 1500, Aztec society was in the down, military period height far originally IV. Twantinsuyu World of the Incas A. Inca Empire Twantinsuyu highly centralized 1. Integrated various heathen groups 2. Irrigated agriculture 3.Incorporated elements of previous civilizations agriculture/religion/metallurgy 4. Introduction a. Genius for state organization/bureaucratic control b. When central authority broke down, regional leaders took over i. war between rival chiefdoms B. The Inca Rise to Power 1. Inca ruler military alliances and campaigns to take over 2. Subsequent rulers with names youll neer remember expanded and consolidated land a. Between 9 and 13 million people under rule C. Conquest and Religion 1. grounds for victory a. economic gain b. political power 2. religion cult of ancestors a. deceased rulers mummified . countercurrent inheritance a. leaders power goes to renewal b. leaders property goes to male family 4. political and social life related to religion a. holy shrines stones, mountains, rivers, caves, tombs huacas 1. Prayers/human sacrifices b. Temple of the Sun center of state religion D. The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule 1. Leader/inca considered a god 2. Court also temple 3. Four provinces ruled by governor, power then divided further a. Local rulers could remain autonomo us if they were hardcore 4. All nobles played role in state bureaucracy a. Nobles gained privileges, had a lot to lose b.Could wear prodigious ear spools orejones gee thank 5. Spread language unified 6. System of roads with way move tambos one day apart 7. For labor, people benefited from large, expensive work projects barely central govt can provide a. State-sponsored irrigation made cultivation accomplishable 8. Instead of tribute, they wanted labor 9. Relation between men and wome a. needful to stay close b. Women link to the moon 10. Downfall a. Marriage alliances created rivals for the ordure ahhhthat whole succession problem rears its ugly head E. Inca Cultural Achievements 1. Art built on styles of predecessor peoples . Metallurgy gold/silver/bronze, copper b. pottery/cloth 2. ButNo system of writingNo drift 2. Math a. Knotted strings quipo to count 3. Infrastructure greatest movement a. land/water management b. extensive road systems c. Architecture and f amiliar buildings d. Terraced farming on steep slopes F. Comparing Incas and Aztecs aka if you forget everything else, remember this 1. But first, before we get startedlook at the words used in this section a. No reallylook at the words used b. They start with words like although, or both c. Its unless beautiful how the reader can make connections . In fact, my eyes are filling a little misty a. This is one of the best proportional Analysis Essays Ive ever seen in your Stearns word of honor, and after 14 chapters of pickings notes, Im starting to i. feel like Stearns is like a brother, an older brother, but a brother ii. butI pull up stakeslets get back to it 3. Similarities a. Represented military and purplish organization success b. Controlled circulation of goods c. Agricultural based with a food surplus d. Nobles became more important than local leaders e. Allowed for diversity as long as authority f. Empires acquired by conquest of sedentary peoples . Belief systems, cos mology similar roots h. Both couldnt survive shock of conquest i. Your book says they do survive the conquest, but I beg to differ, they were split up into small little regions ii. But, I will accept that they carried on the culture 4. However We cannot overlook the great DIFFERENCES a. Aztecs have better trade and markets b. First, there quite similar, variations of same system c. Metallurgy, writing systems, hierarchy i. Ummmbookcould you give us some specifics d. Overallthis section does a flagitious job discussing differences V. Other Indians A.How to differentiate based on degree of social order/material culture/political structure 1. Diversity based on geographical factors 2. Not all agriculture based B. How umpteen Indians? 1. If you guessed 14,375,421, you were wrong 2. Between 8. 4 million and 112 million Gee give thanksthats real close i. Numbers changed due to a. Understanding of electric shock of disease b. archaeological studies c. improved estimates of agricultu ral techniques 3. Europe about the same size as the Americas population wise C. Differing Cultural Patterns 1. Basicallyits hard to say there is incisively one type of Indian . somewhat hunted, some gathered, some farmed, some did a mixture ii. both(prenominal) had huge class divisions, some were more egalitarian iii. Most lived in small kin-ship based groups 2. North America extremely diverse i. Some lived in cliffs, towns or teepees ii. Agricultural unless farming too tough, then huntsman gatherers 3. Similar to Europe/Asia i. Kin based societies ii. Communal owning of property iii. Women subordinate, but some had high positions 4. Part of ecological system, not controlling it You designate you own whatever land you land onearth is just a dead thing you can claim, but I inhabitD. American Indian Diversity in World Context 1. conundrum wealthy/accomplished civilizations, but primitive to Europe 2. Buthow much is the difference based on lack of i. wheel ii. large tintinnab ulation animals iii. metal tools iv. written language 3. They developed, just differently E. Global Connections 1. isolation prevented diffusion of ideas its not bad, just the reality 2. Lacks world religions, large domesticated animals (yesthey had guinea pigs) 3. Not immune to diseases 4. Lacked ironworking F. Im tired, and Im going to bed