Department of Defense Small Business Contract Essay

Department of Defense Small Business Contract - Essay Example(2009). Advantages 1. The urgency for this contract is besides the delivery of the agreed merchandise, for which the contract was agreed. 2. Can also be used to rivulet unknown avowers 3. It provides for a maculation in which there is competitive bidding on the entire range 4. Management by the owner is least required 5. It provides an incentive for the avower to equip best resources Disadvantages 1) It bears a heavy risk to the contractor as s/he assumes the cost risk 2) Both the enrolment and quality of risk is heightened 3) A very complete and in-depth definition will be needed upfront 4) There will be more cost attached when changes occur than in cost-reimbursement 5) The total instrument of the bidding process is lengthened in this case Cost-reimbursement contract This is that contract whereby a given contractor is compensated for every of its acceptable costs or rather expenses to a given limit, plus an surp lus imbursement to thrive to some profit (Project Management Institute. (1987). It is a contract with a fixed price contract, whereby the contractor is issued with a negotiated sum f money irrespective of the expenses that may be incurred thereof. There are miscellaneous contracts namely the time and materials contract, the cost-reimbursement and the fixed price contracts. Each contract comes with its own per conventionance risk and/or cost for the various agencies especially the governments but the different kinds of the cost-reimbursement contracts could be employed be it in form of the award fees, incentives etc that are put in place to motivate the contractor and subsequently dispel boast and inefficiency by the given contactor (Heldman, et al, 2007). Cost-reimbursement contract make up s the said contractors acceptable costs that are incurred to such extent set by the contract but may also pay an additional fee related to the performance. Such contracts do include an estimat ed sum intended to obligate the currency and a ceiling to that said contractor which exceeds at its own risk, unless agreed on and approved by the contract personnel. This type of contract may be used in situations in which the accounting musical arrangement used by the contractor for determination of costs is easily applicable to the contract and where appropriate management at the time that the performance is underway (Schwalbe, K. (2009). Advantages 1) Its also used in a situation where there is a concern in the long term quality is quite high. 2) In this case, net cost might be lower than some fixed price contract due to the item that the contractors never inflate their prices to cover risk. 3) It has some small incentive to negotiate corners as opposed to the fixed-price contracting (Project Management Institute. (1987). Disadvantages 1. Oversight and administration is also needed in the designation of an award to be offered or any such appropriate incentive. 2. Additiona l administration and oversight is needed to ensure that its only the permissible costs are paid and that adequate general controls to costs are instituted. 3. Certainty is modified to the exact final cost (Project Management Institute. (1987). 4. The incentive provided to be efficient in itself is smaller as compared to the fixed-price contract. Advantage of the small over big companies in contracting There are a bend of mechanisms that the government has set

E-Commerce Business Models And Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Commerce Business Models And Concepts - shew ExampleDue to this, they end up not meeting the set objectives and being ineffective. The core ground of this is poor development, and the fact that most of these spots do not meet minimum software quality requirements. As the business world becomes more competitive, website firmly hold the position of one of the most crucial tools a company must possess in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Armed with an e-commerce site companies become more flexible, and are sufficient to adjust accordingly with market dynamics. It is evident that many companies presently realize the importance of websites as a tool to gain market share and improve sales. This opus is intended to highlight the essential parts of quality e commerce sites, and through the identification of flow rate market trends show the best concepts applicable in a successful online store. Business Background http//www.horchow.com/ The Horchow forethought building cons ists of activities such as the allocation of tasks, supervision and coordination, which are directed towards the accomplishment of the aims of the company. The company structure mainly participates in the accomplishment of the company goals this is because the company has several dedicated employees whose main agenda is to serve up the company to achieve his companys goals. Most flourishing companies like unique home decor, Paul Michael Company, Bensons would not vex reached the places they are without their websites (Plumley & Wyrostek, 2011). Horchow has several supervisor is in each and every department, this hold ins the employees work up to the required standard. This contributes to the mold of designing high quality decor products because the management has catered everything governing the employees work. The company uses various business models to make it distinct from other companies. The business models also help to describe the organizational architecture of capture m echanisms, manner of speaking which are employed by the companys enterprise. The company has applied business models such as, collecting intelligence, user generated content, and amend the available systems. It also uses transport service such as airline and private courier services to ensure their products are available all over the continent. The goals of the business are primarily marketing the products on sale and making sure they increase their profits though online sale and delivery. The company also seeks to be capable of running consumer satisfaction surveys so as to assist they gauge their progress. Finally, the ultimate goal is to ensure that the company becomes a reputable and among the most respected and successful in this field of business The website will, therefore, be designed so as to make sure the company achieves most of its goals in the most high-octane way possible. The website will become a partial platform for the marketing department. This is because many people now depend on the internet for many things, making it an easier place to access customers. The products will be marketed by posting them on the website and giving information on the latest home decors awaiting release and those already in the market. In order to enhance marketing, company will have to alias with the most visited websites and have accounts in social platforms such as Facebook, linked in, twitter and MySpace among others. Secondly the company will should be able to give customers the ability to purchase items and request them to get delivered to supported locations. The products shall be priced ant the availability of a customer to purchase the items collectively using a virtual card. This will

Total Rewards Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Total Rewards Program - Case chance Exampleg back to several millennia in ancient China and the fabled old city of Babylon under Hammurabi (1750 B.C.E.) a key concept of insurance as a form of entertainion against either financial losses has stayed the same all throughout from ancient times to modern times. Another snappy concept in modern insurance is the use of statistical data and probabilities to determine insurance rates, exploitation actuarial science. In this regard, it has become almost an entirely mechanical process, using powerful computers to determine the adventure premiums suitable for an insurable risk, to be able to produce a profit.The original use of insurance was to protect principals who transport their goods using the sometimes treacherous or dangerous river rapids in ancient China from a possible sinking of the boat carrying the goods. In the probability a boat had capsized, the indemnification a trader gets from the insurance result ensure he can rise again financially. In Babylon, the concept of insurance had a much different application. A sea merchant whose ship sinks in the Mediterranean sea can expect to recoup his losses, because he had paid a premium on the loan to pay his expedition. That extra premium will enable the lender to cancel the loan in case of a ship sinking. In todays capitalist, free-market environment, insurance coverage extends to many situations, such as life, car, boat, condominium unit, motorcycle, or anything of value, so far the health of a person.Insurance is a financial product that needs to be sold aggressively, as opposed to other consumer products which people simply buy on their own initiative. Unless it is mandated, as in the case of the new health insurance coverage as required by law under the health reform act, it is a product that most people would rather do without, as premium defrayment is an added expense. It is therefore important for an insurance firm to have a wide network of sale s agents who will push its insurance policies, preferably exclusively with

Topic Of Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Of Choice - Essay ExampleIt is oddly the case of US traffic situation. How serious is the problem of traffic congestion? This is a question that has more or less been neglected for an enquiry. Or people are just careless about public matters in the imposture pursuit of personal interests and comforts. However, as the USA Today reports, The nations traffic problems are getting worse scurrying than they can be fixed even in small cities such as Brownsville, Texas, and Pensacola, Fla. (Traffic problems take better-looking bite of commuters time. 2004).The problem of congestion is more severe in urban areas and factors like the design of the area, geographical features, weather, collisions and vehicle breakdowns and many such, cause this problem. There are, of course, solutions that may effectively solve this. First of all, the allotment of gold is non sufficient to take the necessary action. Even the allotted fund is not streamlinedly managed, i.e. it is not used on prio rity basis. The development of highways and transit agreements is not in accordance with the problem of congestion.The potentiality expansion of the existing roads and construction of new roads are of prime importance. unrestricted shipping improvement projects would enable more productivity from the existing ones, thus working as a solution. great efficiency of the transportation ashes can help a lot in this regard. More efficient alternate systems must be aimed at, thus encouraging the public reduce the traffic congestion. The transport system needs to be better managed to make the public use more of the public transportation system rather than individual vehicles. The more the public transportation used, the lesser the traffic congestion will be. Public transportation at peak hours should be becomes the most significant reason for the traffic congestion is the change magnitude number of private vehicles. So, the most important solution to the problem of traffic congestion i s the

The Beginning And Development Of Gothic Architecture Case Study

The commence And Development Of Gothic Architecture - Case Study ExampleThe characteristics of Gothic computer architecture gave the specific exposition which was related to what is often referred to as the French style, beginning in the 12th century and going done the 16th century. The architecture was most often employ as high art and was created for cathedrals, castles, palaces and other political buildings. Many often referred to the style as one which was regarded as belonging to higher powers, which was why it was used for these specific types of buildings. The original term was created by Giorgio Vasari in 1530 in response to a culture which was considered rude. well-nigh during this time believed that the group should be outcast. To represent this, different symbols were used to show that vandals and others within society shouldnt be present in specific buildings. The architecture of the building is then made to symbolize the individuals who should not enter into a give n place (Glaser, 15). The main beliefs and descriptions with the Gothic architecture then led into innovations which were associated with the emblematic meaning that was created, most which was in reference to the Christian and high-quality attributes which would not welcome others within the region. The features which were used, inclusive of ornate structures and intricate decor became some of the defining parts of the architecture. ... The main focus was designed with both a vertical emphasis, which pointed upwards as a symbol to the higher powers as well as with the concept of having as much light in the building as possible (Murray, p. 18). An example of Gothic architecture can be seen in influences such as the Notre Dame church, as seen in figure 1. count on 1 Church of Notre Dame In this figure, the elements of the Gothic can be seen. At the lower area, there are three arches which one can enter, all of which are rounded.

Apple Inc Business Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

apple Inc Business administration - Assignment ExampleApple Inc. has international operations which are operated from its California based headquarters. The smart set is headed by a team of top executives who are responsible for making strategical decisions which affect the telephoners future operations. The management of the company and its activities are directed by a group of board of directors. The companys business operations are divided into various functionalities which include consumer electronics arm, personal computers and software and planetary phones. The business activities are effectively designed into design, manufacturing or development, sales and marketing, development and research. Since the company operates in some(prenominal) markets across the world, it has varying levels of management and organizational or business activities.The strategic environment within Apples business environment can be analyzed through the application of Porters five forces for com petitive advantage of a company. According to Porter (1985, p. 54), the flagellum of new entrants into the market poses a significant challenge to the competitive of a company. Since Apple operates in many markets across the world, it is evident that the company is challenged by the new companies which arise in these markets and provide products and run similar to those of Apple. Examples of new entrants into the Apples business environment include new mobile phone companies, telecommunication service providers and manufactures of computer systems and mobile phones. which comprise of the services and products that the company provides. The threat of new entrants is more significant when these new operators provide services at a cheaper price than a specific company (Porter, 1985, p. 65).The power of buyers who represent the consumers of Apples products is a significant force that prepares the companys strategies for competitive advantage. The information and communication indust ry as well as the mobile phone and telecommunication sector across the world is very dynamic. This instrument that the needs of consumers change frequently in relation to their tastes and preferences (Porter, 1985, p. 72). It is in this feel that Apple Inc employs a strategic plan that focuses on fulfilling or meeting the needs of consumers. This is because consumers comprise of the most important stakeholder for any business.Hannagan (2009, p. 43) points let on that the power of suppliers play a significant role in defining the business strategies that are busy by a company for strategic advantage within the market. The suppliers of Apples raw materials determine its success in production and assurance of quality for its electronic, computing and mobile phone products. It is in this sense that the company is mandated to ensure that in all of its markets especially where its production processes are situated has access to suppliers. much importantly the company ensures that it maintains a positive relationship with its suppliers so that it would maintain their loyalty. In this light, the company is up to(p) to become strategically competitive within its business environment by producing the best quality of products and services.Hannagan (2009, p. 29) says that the threat of substitute products within a company

Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Moral ism - Essay ExampleIn bill, one can view applied ethics through the decisions of g all overnments as they were influenced due to the religious mores of their time. On a more general level, which deals with historythe Ottoman Empire, which used to cut across the globeeffected the territories it owned with its prevailing religion. Constantinople, at the end of his life, professed the Christian faith. However, the name of the city Constantinople was later on changed to Istanbul after the geopolitically-defined, mainly Muslim, country of Turkey came into prominence. Applied ethics can be seen all over the world, not to mention a lack of application of ethics in world history. For example, when Hernan Cortes and his men came to Mexico, the pop of the Aztecsto hoard gold and other valuablesthe Aztecs thought this was fulfilling a prophecy that their great leader would come from faraway away. Instead of admitting that Cortes was not the leader he was who they thought, Cortes too k advantage of the fact that the Aztecs thought he was a saintly figure, and consequentially took the wealth of the Aztecs, his men raping their women and killing a lot of people, including roasting the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc over a fire pit and pouring boiling oil over his feet. The point is, types of domination like this went on all over the world. Christopher Columbus never indeed demonstrate the New World, but he found plenty of island natives in the Caribbean whose peaceful lives he ruined by the ruthless plundering of himself and his men. There is differentiate of all of these types of cruel inhumanity present in all of historyand it is not just particular(a) to the Europeans, although they were a major cause for discontent the world over. If one thinks about it, in world historythe British Empire once spanned a majority of the globe. The French and the Dutch also had colonialized several countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Due to these white peoples taking over indigenous nations peoples and forcing their values, religion, language, and culture upon themthey were forced to either change or die. So, these people adapted. More about evolution and ethics will also be discussed in the bear section of this piece. III. MoralityMorality became politically-correct (or PC) after the civil rights movement in the 60s in the United States, because it meant that any kind of oppressed people (not just Blacks) could basically rise up and say that they werent going to take being discriminated against anymore. Of course, this has conduct to postmodernist thinking, that everyone is equal and everyones perspective has to be right because no one is wrong we all theology the same theology even though some of us may not call God God, nor does everyone

Relegion Islamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relegion Islamic - Essay ExampleThe Ansar, represented by the Khazraj and the Aws tribes, obdurate that both the future of the nascent religion and the welfare of the community demand the immediate selection of a leader. Abu Bakr and Umar, who, alongside Ali Bin Abi Taleb, are controvertibly regarded as the Prophets closest companions, were not present at the Saqifa at that time. Upon, however, creation informed of the gathering, they rushed to participate. The Muhajirun, however, were not informed of the gathering and, thus, the Meccan Muslim immigrants were not represented at this germinal meeting.Within the context of use of the Sunni-Shiite division, the identity of the participants, or those present at Saqifat Bani Saida is of critical importance. As noted in the preceding, while the Ansar were represented in their collectivity, the Muhajirun were not and then, later, only by Abu Bakr and Umar. More significantly, Ahl Al Bayt were not present. As Ibn Ishaq (1982, 201-206) qui te explicitly notes in his Sira, the Prophets closet family, those existence Ali, Fatima Al Zahra, and Khadija bint Abu Bakr, were not present at Saqifat Bani Saida as they were preparing the Prophets body for burial. The implication here is not only that their opinion was neither given nor taken but, from the Shiite perspective, that bingle of those who would have figured as the natural choice for succession was not present Ali Ibn Abi Taleb. It is within the context of the absence of most of the Muhajirun and the totality of Ahl Al Bayt that Abu Bakr become the Prophets successor, the ummas first caliph.Yawm al-Saqifa, as reported by Ibn Ishaq (qtd. In Ibn Hashem, 1994, 127-131), was a prolonged and acerbic affair. The Ansar were, from the forbiddenset, adamantly opposed to the selection of either a member of Ahl al Bayt or a Muhajir, preferring one of their own. Abu Bakr addressed the Ansars opposition, arguing that the only a member of Quraysh, Meccas leading clan, could pos sibly maintain the Islamic umma and sustain its unity. The reasons, as given by Abu Bakr, were the universal recognition of Qurayshs nobility and its duty of leadership. It was, thus, that Abu Bakr suggested that those present select either Umar or him as the Prophets successor (Ibn Hashem, 1994, 127-131). Needless to say, the Ansar maintain their opposition, with the aforementioned being carried forth by one of their more powerful tribal chiefs, Bashir ibn Sad ibn Thalaba. Indeed, utterly rejected the notion of brass section by either Umar or Abu Bakr, the Ansar suggested that they elected their own leader and the Muhajirun their own. At this point, Ibn Ishaq (1982, 209), reports that the meeting went temporarily out of control to the extent that it seemed that the umma had already, only hours after the Prophets death, divided amongst itself. This was, apparently, Umars sentiments, whereupon he responded to the said proposal by winning hold of Abu Bakrs hand and swearing an oath of allegiance to him as the leader of the umma. The Ansar, as Ibn Ishaq (1982, 210) continues, however, were not to submit easily and Sad ibn Ubada, the leader of the Khazraj Ansar

Seamus Heaney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Seamus Heaney - Essay ExampleSome of the prizes he has win include the T.S Elliot Prize, Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize, the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry and most notably the Nobel Prize in Literature, sound to name a few. Seamus Heaney was born seventy three years ago (in 1939) in Castledawson, County Derry in blue Ireland. He was the first born in large family, having eight siblings to show for it (McCarthy 9). His father, Patrick Heaney was a cattle dealer in Castledawson and most of young Seamus childhood was spent in the rural setting. This environment of the countryside, fuelled with different factors would locate to be important, forming an integral part of Seamus literary works, especially his poetry.Seamus Heaney attended a local primary civilize in his indispensable town. At the tender age of twelve years, he won a intuition to attend St Columbs College. This was a catholic boarding school, also found within the environs of his native town. During his time at St. Columbs, he gained further skills that would later help him map out his career. He learnt Latin and Irish languages, a fact that was crucial in his turning out to be a translator. In 1953, his family moved out from his rural County of Derry. However, his thoughts, feelings and aspirations were still strongly entangled with his rural homeland. After St. Columbs College, the other education pot that Seamus drank from was Queens University in Belfast. He graduated with a degree in Literature in 1961 from Queens. While there, he studied Anglo-Saxon, another contributor to his translation skills. He was to later on, (1966-1972) come back to lecture at his former school. His writing career officially began objet dart he was at Queens. His first works that earned him recognition came about in the 1960s (Buttel, 12). It is at about the same time when he met his wife, Marie Devlin. Marie

Aircraft Maintenance Aircraft Systems Assignment

Aircraft Maintenance Aircraft Systems - Assignment modelingThe frequency channels of the VHF Omni-directional Range and the Tactical Air Navigation at each VORTAC facility are doubled in line with an overall plan to make air navigation easier.The MFD gives schooling on the current route of the aircraft. The information obtained from the on board radar and other sensors on the realm as well as detection sensors are relayed to the crew to analyses. The ground components are always stationary while the flight components are moving as the aircraft moves. The ground components too do not confound a presentation system since the display in the aircraft will be the most essential. It is therefore novel to have one in the pilots cabin and not on the ground components.The Altimeter is a navigation instrument whose work is to reflect the vertical height of the mean of sea level. This is corrected to the shove of outside air. The pilot will have to set the right pressure and the altimet er will automatically account the altitude that corresponds to the Mean of Sea Level. The instruments work more or less the same like the barometer. When the piece of paper is ascending or descending, the pressure will also reduce and increase in that order. The aneroid condensate compares the pressure outside and the one inside. The pointer and linkage help display the altitude on the cockpit display instrument.Vertical speed Indicator is the instrument that measures the rate at which the aircraft is rising or descending. The speed is unremarkably measured in feet per minute. When the tack is flying level, the Vertical Speed Indicator will be cultivation 0 feet per minute. The VSI compares the static pressure in the expandable capsule to the metred static pressure in the exterior of the capsule. The inside of capsule pressure changes so fast on the climbing or descending of the plane and the opposite is true because of the leak that

The country of Armagede Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The inelegant of Armagede - Essay ExampleA wild animal refuge spans an bailiwick of some 1500 miles to the south. This refuge is heavily guarded against poachers and contributes more than three million dollars a year in tourism dollars that offset the cost of the reserve and contribute to the hospitality and cultural art industries in the country. The country supports a population of 4,763,271 Armagede nationals with about population of 3,445,192 who are largely subsistent farmers with a per capita income of about population of $223. The largest assiduity of citizens is in the two largest cities in the north and south where residents are employed in government jobs. in that location is a population of approximately 544 people per square mile. In the past decade the country has begun to apply vital statistic and economic records that help show a continuing improvement in the countrys economic indicators. The per capita income has increased by nearly 5% per household over the past decade, as represented by the graph below. There is one university, Aduine University, in the north, a state sponsored university staffed largely by salubrious educated professors from countries that offer incentives for foreign academic services. Most of the graduates go on to work for the government and in state sponsored elementary, middle schools and high schools. A large number of graduates leave the country for graduate studies in medicine and law, but statistics support the fact that these individuals return to Armagede upon completion of their studies.

Critical evaluation of Maths remaining as part of the curriculum Essay

Critical evaluation of math remaining as part of the curriculum - Essay ExampleTeaching and learning mathematics dates rearward to the third century BC making mathematics an ancient subject (Martin, 2006). Pioneers of modern mathematics implicate Euclid, and Pythagoras. Presumably, the age of mathematics as a subject has rendered it irrelevant in the modern world evoking the make out on whether mathematics should remain part of the school curriculum. However about teachers particularly mathematics teachers regard that mathematics should remain as part of the school curriculum. This report present a critical abstract of responses received from both teachers and students with the aim of drawing a conclusion on the issue. Majority of the teachers confirmed that mathematics is the only subject that train students how to make logical decisions on an issue. Unlike other subject, mathematical intimacy is based on fundamental theorems and principle. In addition, mathematics is the on ly well defined subject or the only subject that avoids contradictions. This indicates that mathematics endows learners with fundamental skills that cannot be obtained from another subject taught in the school curriculum. jibe to Martin (2006), mathematics is the only universal subject and the only subject that has remained relevant over the years. ... It has been ratifyed that most subjects teach students how to memorize or remember (Martin, 2006). This aspect makes mathematics a sufficient prerequisite to or so all subjects taught in the school curriculum. Most science and engineering subjects such as chemistry, engineering, physics, and architecture mathematical function mathematics to proof and illustrate theoretical concepts. Discovery of abstract branches of mathematics such as algebra, topology, and depth psychology has also been instrumental in the evolution of computer science and information technology. Thus, nearly all subjects taught in the modern school curriculum d epend on mathematics as their main language of illustration. From responses received, it is limpid that teachers support the issue of maintaining mathematics in the school curriculum. It is also evident that mathematics is applicable in humanities and social sciences. In particular, mathematical techniques are applied in humanities and social sciences to establish social trends and to quantify key social quantities such as population. Therefore, mathematics cannot be eliminated from the school curriculum. The interactive nature of mathematics is the main factor that makes most students to shy away from the subject. Unlike other subjects taught in the school curriculum, mathematics requires active participation of students. This compels the students to participate in septroom activities such as class discussion and completing assignments. Thus, mathematics exams not only examine a students big businessman to remember theoretical content but their level of participation in the scho ol activities. Evidently, the level of a students participation in mathematics also measures their

Adult nursing scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult nursing scenario - Essay re bring outativeMrs. Taylor, 68 is admitted with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) She is breathless and anxious.She has limited mobility collectable to a painful left(a) hip.Using the Reflective Cycle of G. Gibbs (1988) I will reflect on the encyclopedism and developmental expects identified in the scenario described. The six stopping points provide a helpful personal keenness and are followed, in order, throughout this essay.Description When Mrs. Taylor was admitted in the condition earlier described, I was working with a elder colleague, a ward sister experienced in adult nursing. The patient was in pain, greatly put out and with some cyanosis.She had been handling her condition at home with the help of oxygen and drug therapy, so her present state indicated that some triggers must have exacerbated the condition.These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, allergy or too many cigarettes.Feelings I mat a sense of urgency and t he need to deliver medicine started to alleviate the symptoms. I snarl concern for her physical well-being and some frustration that it could be helped at once.When I observed how sister speak softly and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, touching her hand and smoothing her foreheadway, I felt slightly ashamed.At sisters suggestion, Mrs.Taylor breathed more slowly and her anxiety diminished. I then sat with her, postulation how she was feeling, really listening carefully to her responses.I thought how a lot more difficult this would be with a child or mentally disabled adult,recognising the need for a more psychological approach... These could be bronchitis, pneumonia, allergy or too many cigarettes.NICE Guideline (2004) solve The disease is predominantly caused by smoking andnearly all sufferers are over 35.2.The painful left hip was another major cause for concern. We got her settled in bed, nebuliser mask on and bed head raised, promising pain relief for the hip.Feelings I felt a sense of urgency and the need to get medication started to alleviate the symptoms. I felt concern for her physical well-being and some frustration that it could be helped at once.When I observed how sister spoke softly and reassuringly to Mrs. Taylor, touching her hand and smoothing her forehead, I felt slightly ashamed. At sisters suggestion, Mrs. Taylor breathed more slowly and her anxiety diminished. I then sat with her, asking how she was feeling, really listening carefully to her responses.Attending is the act of really focusing on the person who needs help. We need to make ourselves deliberately aware of what the other person is saying and of what he or she istrying to consecrate us. Morrison and Burnard (1991)I thought how much more difficult this would be with a child or mentally disabled adult, recognising the need for a more psychological approach, more reassurances and a person-focused nursing style. Adults like Mrs. Taylor progress more able to contribute to their o wn improvement, being both knowledgeable and aware. I thought that no matter which nursing domain I was involved in, I would recognise that the same requirements of reassurance, administration of medication and accurate record keeping would apply. I would also adhere to the principles of respect for any cultural or social background.

Finance Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance Planning - Assignment ExampleTheir monthly expenditure on insurance for their properties is high and does not comprehensively cover their assets since some assets such their stereo is not insured.The full of life issues raised above should be addressed in their order of priority. Recommendation for the emergency caudex would be to sum up Marks 401(k) contribution and bank savings as previously intended, since they are available. Then the Lanes should top up the remaining core from reductions in their expenditure and by that their emergency fund objective will have been met. Recommendation for the second and middle landmark objective would be to pay back a fixed income investment and channel the proceeds to a child education fund. The long term goal of purchasing a house should be met by freeing up money that was utilise to pay debts and once these are cleared they can channel the income towards payment of a mortgage.They have a short fall of $18,877.5- $3,070= $15,807. 5 Recommendation for funding the shortfall includes implementing the proposed debt management plan so as to stamp down debt expenses such as payment of credit card interests. The proceeds realized can then be channeled to the emergency fund.The Lanes have been having a poor debt management plan as they have a negative balance sheet and a negative cash flow balance. They should consider implementing the proposed debt management plan as it will assist them clear their debts systematically from the smallest to the largest debt.In order to save a monthly amount for retirement at the age of 55, both Mark and Ava should cut down on their expenditure and pore their insurance expenditure. In order to do this, they can consider the emergency fund as a form of self-insurance then save the amounts used to pay insurance premiums to save for retirement.The Lanes should not sell whatever of their investments to

A rite of passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A rite of transportation system - Essay ExampleThe Tibetans have Lamaism as their religion, which is an integration of the native Tibetan religion (Bon) and Mahayana Buddhism (Kapstein, p38).In a general perspective, the basic rite of pass get along for the Tibetans is the sticking of a tiny piece of Tibetans staple food (zamba) on the newborn infants forehead. This is perceived as the process of purification of the newborn. Additionally, when the baby is a month old, the p arents are leaping to paint the tip of its (babys) nose with soot as a sign of prevention from ghosts, whereas the relatives and parents of the baby deviation to the monastery to pray for protection from the Buddha. This is the general rite of pass season of newborn babies, regardless of the gender.At a afterward age, that is, at the age of twelve, a Tibetan girls hair is combed into two braids. The braids are later advanced in to three, at the age of thirteen and/or fourteen, and five braids at the age of fi fteen and/or sixteen (Kapstein, p67). However, the girls hair is combed into dozens of braids at the age of seventeen to signify the initiation into adulthood. In the Tibetan culture, changes in hair are used to discolouration the several rites of passage for the girl child (Kapstein, p67). According to research, hair changing ceremonies conducted for the Tibetan girls deliberate on the social status of the girls (Kapstein, p85).The hair changing ceremony for the Tibetan girls signifies that the girls are old enough to perk up and cater for families, and hence they are ready to accept marriage proposals, and are ready to get wed (Kapstein, p85). As a matter of fact, the Tibetan boys tend to court the girls after the hair changing ceremony, with intentions of sleeping with them and propose marriage. Research also indicates that hair dressers were strictly married women, who were carefully selected as per their beauty, perfect eyesight, and/or intact teeth

Ethnic Identity and African Americans Essay Example for Free

cultural Identity and African Americans Essay pagan individuation is the sum total of group member feelings about those values, symbols, and common histories that identify them as a distinct group (Smith 1991). Development of heathen identity is important because it helps one to come to terms with their pagan membership as a prominent reference group and significant part of an individuals overall identity. Ethnic reference group refers to an individuals psychological relatedness to groups (Smith 1991). These reference groups help adolescents whiz, recoil and see things from the point of their ethnic groups in which they actively participate or seek to participate. What is ethnic identity? The establishment of identity is an important, complex travail for all adolescents, and is considered a major developmental task for all adolescents. It is particularly complicated for adolescents belonging to ethnic and minority groups. Ethnic identity of the absolute mass group of i ndividuals is constantly validated and reinforced in a positive manner where as the minority group is constantly ridiculed and punished in a minus manner. What does this say for those adolescents who be the minority and not the majority?It is important to cartoon or research ethnic identity because it provides better knowledge to help one understand striving for a sense of amity and connectivenesss in which the self provides meaning for direction and meaning of ethnic identity (Spencer, 1990). It is also important to study or research the differences between these groups due to beliefs and values. Adolescents that are the minority are confronted with their ethnicity at an earlier be on then Caucasian adolescents majority and they are constantly aware of ethnic differences, which means it is of greater wideness to understand the development of the minority individual.It should lead to different assessments when it comes to ethnic identity. For example, African American adolesce nts are psychologically compared to Caucasian American adolescence diagnoses, which are sometimes inaccurately assessed. Bronfenberner explains the theoretical perspective such as the ecological perspective by saying, The implications for clinical treatment of African American adolescents, mental health workers must be sensitive to the ecological place setting of their clients. Mental Health workers must realize that there is no case-by-case entity called the black family .The black families compared to the other families established their American family. He suggests that these families vary dramatically in backgrounds, favorable economic status, values, and degree of acculturation to the norms and values of mainstream America (1990). There are also, significant differences that may constitute in preparation of African American adolescent, at the level of rearing family practices and in schools (1990). That is, schools continue to reflect historical values that deal with racia l-stereotypes and prejudice and beliefs.At the same time there are families seek to avoid and make light out of such situations. These families and communities continue to show constancy by contribute their own beliefs and values through child rearing which maybe different from Caucasian Americas. Identity and ethnicity as adolescent issues Identity has been defined in many ways. It is the concept used to describe an individuals sense of who he or she is (Dashefsky and Shapiro, 1976). Changes in identity occur throughout the life cycle, however, the changes in identity are ordinarily most notable during adolescence.Integrating a positive sense of ethnic identity into ones overall personal identity is an important task of late adolescence (Steinberg, 1996). Ethnic identity has been defined as the aspect of ones sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership (Steinberg, 1996). Ethnic identity development is an subjective human need because it provides a sense of belonging and historical continuity. Ethnic socialization Minority children are confronted with their ethnicity at an earlier age than their majority counterparts (Smith, 1991).Parents can help to speed up the early stages of ethnic identity development by taking an active approach to ethnic socialization. Ethnic socialization, according to Steinberg(1996), refers to the lick through which parents teach their children about their ethnicity and about the certain experiences they may have with the broader society. Ethnic socialization consists of three themes 1) understanding ones own culture, 2) getting along in mainstream society, and 3) dealing with racism (Steinberg, 1996). Possible outcomes of ethnic identity development.There are four ways to deal with ethnicity (Steinberg, 1996) Assimilationadopting the cultural norms of the majority while rejecting the norms of ones own culture. Separationrejecting the majority culture and associating only with members of ones own culture. M arginalityliving at heart majority culture but feeling estranged. Biculturalismmaintaining ties to both cultures. consort to Steinberg (1996) many believe that biculturalism is more successful than the other four. With biculturalism minority youth have access to the norms of the majority and minority culture depending on the situation. References.Smith, Elise J. Ethnic Identity Development Toward the Development of A Theory within the Context of Majority/Minority Status. Journal of Counseling and Development JCD. v70. n1. Sept. 1991. p. 181-188. Spencer, Margaret Beale. Child Development. v61 n2. Apr. 1990. P. 290-310. Dashefsky, A. (Eds. ). (1976). Ethnic identity in society. Chicago Rand McNally College Publishing Co. Smith, E. J. (1991). Ethnic identity development Toward the development of a theory within the context of majority/minority status. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 181-187. Steinberg, L. (1996). Adolescence. New York McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity Essay Example for Free

Summarizing and Paraphrasing a Source Activity EssayPart 1 Summarizing criticism the following passage and summarize it in the box as though you were including this information in a research paper. drop the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation.Aggressive driving is characterized by the tendency to hear driving as a competition rather than as a means of getting from unmatched nonplus to another. Although most drivers are content to move along with the flow of trade, scrappy drivers weave from track to lane, seeking any advantage that give place them ahead of others. Aggressive drivers are also more than likely to tailgate and honk the horn in an effort to intimidate other drivers or evidently to move them along faster. When confronted with heavy traffic, aggressive drivers a great deal engage in dangerous behavior such as passing on the right, using utility or turn lanes as driving lanes, and ignoring traffic signals. Paradoxically, agg ressive drivers often pride themselves on their skill. They see other, more cautious drivers as the problem, not themselves. destinationArlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith A guide to college writing (3rd ed.). hurrying saddleback roof River, NY Prentice anteroom.The driver is often prone to aggressive competition and prides themselves for being faster than other drivers. These drivers are aggressive and have a awful videotape traffic and some many have their license revoked by the bad practices they do. When these drivers are in vehicular congestion almost always use the right carrier to avoid congestion. some cadences these drivers use bad words express his discomfort and projects to others. P. (2007). Wordsmith, A guide to college writing (3rd.ed.) Upper Saddle River, NYThe driver is often prone to aggressive competition and prides themselves for being faster than other drivers. These drivers are aggressive and have a bad record traffic and some many have their license revoked by the bad practices they do. When these drivers are in vehicular congestion almost always use the right carrier to avoid congestion. round ages these drivers use bad words express his discomfort and projects to others. P. (2007). Wordsmith, A guide to college writing (3rd.ed.) Upper Saddle River, NYSummaryPart 2 Paraphrasing and QuotingReview the following passage and paraphrase it in the following box. Use the reference to create an appropriate APA-formatted in-text citation. Additionally, include one direct quotation.One of the most valucapable skills a student crowd out develop is contract. Focus is the might to concentrate on one thing for an elongate period of time, shutting out everything else. The person who is thinked has no trouble with homework her mind is on the task until it is finished. The focused person has no trouble concentrating during a test. She does not even notice the fathom of the lecturer in an adjacent classroom, the tapping pencil of the student two rows over, or her instructors squeaking chair. People protest widely in their major power to concentrate. Some seem capable of laser like focus on any job until it is performd. Others are easily ward offed, jumping up from homework to do a one hundred small, but suddenly urgent, tasks as the homework gets pushed further into the background.Like any other skill, the ability to focus pile be learned and reinforced through practice. To improve your ability to concentrate, start by showing a set time and place to study. If possible, study at the same time and in the same place every day. Establishing a habitude gives study the importance it deserves and helps make studying a habit. Then, to keep yourself on task, set a small timekeeper as you begin studying. Start by setting the timer to go off after 15 minutes. Until the timer goes off, give studying your full attention.If your mind wandersand it willpull it back to the task. Then reward yourself with something small 5 minutes of so litaire on your reckoner or a trip to the refrigerator for a glass of iced tea. Time your reward, tooabout 5 minutes should be sufficient. Then set the timer for another 15 minutes. As concentration becomes a habit, that habit will spill over into the classroom, too. You will be better able to focus on your instructors words or on the test you are taking. If extraneous noises during a test still distract you, invest in a pair of earplugs to shut out noise as you take your test. The ability to concentrate is a necessary skill. Fortunately, it is a skill that can be improved with effort.ReferenceArlov, P. (2007). Wordsmith A guide to college writing (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NY Prentice Hall.Paraphrase and Quotation The best skill for a student is the focus or concentration. The focus is the ability to focus more time on something, community who have this ability can complete their tasks without any problem. Some of these hoi polloi are be able to concentrate their mind in suc h a way that avoids noise. Some are distracted others complete their tasks without any problem.This ability is learned and reinforced in practice. Some of this is to establish a study routine 5, 15.30 and 1 hour daily in the same place it helps you can concentrate more. Each time you finish studying eat ice cream, so you motivated more and more you can focus and concentrate the mind is like a muscle we must accomplishment it and feed it to make this healthy. The ability to focus is not for sale Is learned win so you can spend more time concentrating in class and your grades improve. P. (2007). Wordsmith A guide to a college writing (3rd ed.) Upper saddle River, NY Prentice Hall The best skill for a student is the focus or concentration.The focus is the ability to focus more time on something, people who have this ability can complete their tasks without any problem. Some of these people are be able to concentrate their mind in such a way that avoids noise. Some are distracted other s complete their tasks without any problem. This ability is learned and reinforced in practice. Some of this is to establish a study routine 5, 15.30 and 1 hour daily in the same place it helps you can concentrate more. Each time you finish studying eat ice cream, so you motivated more and more you can focus and concentrate the mind is like a muscle we must exercise it and feed it to make this healthy. The ability to focus is not for sale Is learned win so you can spend more time concentrating in class and your grades improve. P. (2007). Wordsmith A guide to a college writing (3rd ed.) Upper saddle River, NY Prentice Hall

Hrm Pqhrm Essay Example for Free

Hrm Pqhrm EssayLink is a leading pharmaceutic comp both which has the head office in Colombo and also in that respect argon 7 branches wholly over the island. Over 200 workers atomic number 18 employed and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the formulation conductor who has over 10 old age experience in this field. He handles all the product homework and also for nurture ,the community is know to spend heavily. These provision included overseas provision amp other out sourced learning course of instructions. besides , when new chief executive officer Mr. Dylan Perera Joined the familiarity Ravi Fernando had to salutaryify this big amount of provision cost and he was asked to provide a detailed report. He tried his best but he was failed in the same. CEO Dylan Perera wasnt satisfies as Mr. Ravi was non qualified to prove worthiness of his upbringing programs at all. He has no any written records or at least the members couldnt explain what thitherre gained from the fosterin g. It was impartly failure. Any appearance Dylan is prompted to the forthcoming pedagogy archive for 2009. My role as a consultant would be to grade * The key issues in the case that could pick out ca mappingd this situation * What has Ravi missed in his role as pedagogy manager and how that has led to the current chore * Suggestions and strategies which could be carry outedIn my report from here on it apprize be found recommendations and suggestions which can be use. 1) The key issues in the case that could have caused this situation Care-Link is a leading pharmaceutical company and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the planning Manager of Care-Link. Ravi has done a great problem in dressing and augmentment of the company but it failed. The grooming outcome was not up to expectations. That is the biggest question. Issues in the case that could have caused this situation is as follows, * Spend a lot of coin In this case Mr. Ravi spend a lot of notes on teaching programs without onsidering whether those trainings are useful for the employees and utile for the success of the organization or not. Even though some aspects might not be measurable, there are measurable ways to determine if the money was spent wisely. Organizations have traditionally treated training as a cost and expense. When training has a sufficient payback, it can be popular opinioned as an investment, not an expense. We have to identify the training strike surface and then to design the training program because its a huge waste if we spend a lot on un incumbent training programs.Before spending sentence and money, its better to follow a formationatic execute to first determine if training is a latent solution and if it is, then we should modernise a training program. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means make authoritative that there is a current need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners provide genuinely use what they ha ve learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends.Thats wherefore in this case CEO Dylan Perera prompted to request a total plan for training initiatives before he approves any money for training during the year. * Objectives (training goals) set by the trainer, earlier than the trainees provision objectives should set by both trainers and trainees up to their expectations. Here in this case Mr. Ravi decides on his accept who are to send outsourced training and who are handling by himself. efficient trainers should be good communicators. He should have discuss with the employees before he sets the training objectives.Care Links practice was just to be nominated by the training division for training program actual need of the training should come up in the employees end due to gain a new knowledge or to fill a gap of required competence. Here the employees dont have any hazard to rise up with their own unavoidableness o f trainings. If the employees too have that opportunity it would be much well to training division to build up training calendar and the budget on that to fulfill the truly requirement of the raining. * A failure to identify the specific ineluctably of employees and for employees to own their own development needs.Training is not the panacea to what ails every(prenominal) worker or every company. It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be aged(a) by providing training. In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon work force productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, gift the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention volition fit. Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation.An identified training need pinpoin ts an area where change is required. Learning objectives specify what a person will be able to do differently as a result of training. The clearer the picture of what you want to achieve in a training posing, the easier it becomes to plan the means and the greater the prospect of achieving success. Ineffective training adopts a scattergun approach, alternatively than pinpointing the target. Effective training designs are characterized by objectives which state clearly what the trained person will be able to do when back in the workplace. No undefiled regularity to evaluate the training program In this case there was no specific method to evaluate the training program. When CEO asked the training manager Ravi, to justify the high training expenditure during the year and show more accurate validation other than a verbal explanation, he was failed to prove it because he never know an accurate method to evaluate the training program. Because companies have made large dollar investm ents in training and education and view training as a strategy to be successful, they expect the outcomes or benefits related to training to be measurable.Therefore * To identify the programs strengths and weaknesses. * To assess whether content, organization, and administration of the program contribute to learning and the use of training content on the job. * To identify which trainees benefited most or least from the program To gather entropy to assist in marketing training programs. * To determine the financial benefits and costs of the programs. * To compare the costs and benefits of training versus non-training investments. * To compare the costs and benefits of different training programs to choose the best program.Training programs should be evaluated. (see Attachment 01 for military rating Process) * Little or no concur is given from upper precaution. The essence of a training need, then, is a gap between what exists and what is needed in order to follow or exceed the c ustomers demands. One of the best payoffs from needs analysis is heed liaison in training. Managers must play an brisk role in the diagnostic process and have a smack of ownership of the training aftermath which results. When training is conducted at arms length from management, little can change. * No record on expenditure.There should be a record on boilers suit expenditure of the training programmes. It should refer to the overall administration of the program. Cost could be classified in two areas, fixed cost like flight simulators salary and accommodation cost and the variable star costs like Training Material, venue and the necessary arrangements at the venue, food or snacks, transport and installation of training r equipments even though the variable cost is hard to measure its a must to measure the cost for the training to maintain the balance of the expenditure. Here the training Manager has failed to justify the high expenditure during the year 2008.That is due to t he measly cost managing and not budget the training needs for the year ahead. Training budged which is setting in the set-back of the year should be accurate and well defined. 2) What has Ravi missed in his role as training manager and how that has led to the current problem Training managers have the primary responsibleness of working with line managers to identify and meet violence training needs. The training manager should establish training and entry-level requirements for key training situations and implement programs to select and develop training personnel.The training organization should exhibit a strong desire to meet the training needs of the line organization in both its approach to day-to-day activities and its long-term strategic planning. The training organization should attend line managers, supervisors, and personnel recognize that training strengthens personnel and quickness performance. A training managers supporting responsibilities may include the followi ng, * Maintain training programs current. * Monitor instructor performance to cuss training is conducted as outlined in sanctioned training materials and in a manner that motivates personnel to learn. Verify that the training staff has obtained and is maintaining their technical and instructional knowledge and scientific disciplines. * Develop training programs according to approved methodology. * Track training commitments to outside organizations such as the state and federal regulators, and assist line management in meeting these commitments. * Develop training program and trainee status reports for line managers, and assist line managers in identifying and resolving human performance issues. * Track current industry training issues. * Solicit line managers involvement when training commitments or needs are not being fulfilled. Work to establish mutual hope and cooperation between the training organization and all facility personnel. * Develop improved methods to meet trainin g and facility objectives and goals as required. * Develop training policies that establish guidelines for all training functions. * Assist line management in identifying potential training needs based on facility and industry operating experiences. * Initiate and help prepare long-range objectives for the training organization that are consistent with corporate, facility, and training policies, and develop a system for verifying implementation of the actions needed to meet the objectives.Training managers should verify that employees participate in training and that training meets the employees needs. Here in this case there was no proper policy of training and development its the training managers duty to suggest a training policy for the organization. Mr. Ravi should have discuss with the top management rough to make a good policy of training on behalf of the employees who needed the training. Training policies and procedures should support the accomplishment of the training mis sion, goals, and objectives by providing general guidance and detailed directions.Policies typically describe the conditions that guide the finding making process (i. e. , thoroughness, prudence, openness, and responsiveness). Procedures describe how specific tasks will be accomplished. And also The training manager of Care-Link Had no confidence with his training programs. When the CEO Dylan Perera was not satisfied with just verbal remarks and pushed Ravi to show more accurate proof on what he says, this was pressurizing Ravi to an extent that he was even thinking of leaving the company. This is because of his lack of confidence.Effective Training Manager should have good Confidence on what they train. Managing a training department offers a variety of roles that uncovers natural abilities and potential, while offering specific areas for development. Mr. Ravi Fernando as a experienced person in the pharmaceutical field , might be assuming him as a excellent facilitator of Trainin g programs ,that why he himself handled all the products trainings but he should have understand as per the changing marketing requirement everything has to be changed by and by to meet up the market requirement.Should have seek opportunities to advance somewhere, and develop the strategic plan in accordance to that and then it should be linked the Training plan. Training till should be open minded to improve his skills or knowledge in areas which is related to the business and to the training requirement. Training Manger should be Responsible, reliable and accountable, ethical and able to instil a clear sense of purpose in others, Here in the Care Link people doesnt get a chance to request trainings to fill their competency gaps, and the account skill wasnt there as the case think over views that Mr.Ravi himself failed to explain on what he has done in last year. If Mr. Ravis Character has heighted as a Problem solver, dealing with practical, people and problems, they would meet up best results than this. And of cause excellent consultancy skills should be there in his character as a training manager but case study not view any of the situation he has conducted due to understanding the inner customer requirements.. 3) Suggestions and strategies which could be implemented Care-Link company faced a lot of problems due to Ravis misconduct in his training programs.To make training and development more effective within your organization. Following suggestions and approaches will make companys employee training more effective and transferable their application will result in measurable differences to organizations bottom line performance. * Make sure the need is a training and development opportunity. Do thorough needs and skills analysis to determine the real need for employee training and development. Make sure the opportunity you are pursuing or the problem you are solving is a training issue. Create a context for the employee training and development. Provide information for the employee about why the new skills, skill enhancement, or information is necessary. Make certain the employee understands the link between the training and his job. You can enhance the impact of the training even further if the employee sees the link between the training and his ability to contribute to the accomplishment of the organizations business plan and goals. Its also important to provide rewards and recognition as a result of successful completion and application of the training. Provide training and development that is really relevant to the skill you want the employee to attain or the information he needs to expand his work horizons. You may need to design an employee training sitting indispensablely if nothing from training providers on the nose meets your needs. Or, seek out providers who are willing to customize their offerings to match your specific needs. It is ineffective to ask an employee to attend a training academic session on general comm unication when his immediate need is to learn how to provide feedback in a way that minimizes defensive behavior.The employee will regard the training session as mostly a waste of time or too basic his complaints will invalidate potential learning. * Favor employee training and development that has measurable objectives and specified outcomes that will transfer back to the job. Design or obtain employee training that has clearly verbalize objectives with measurable outcomes. Ascertain that the content leads the employee to attaining the skill or information promised in the objectives. With this information in hand, the employee knows exactly what he can expect from the training session and is less likely to be disappointed.He will also have ways to apply the training to the accomplishment of real workplace objectives. * Provide information for the employee about exactly what the training session will involve, prior to the training. Explain what is expected of the employee at the tr aining session. This will help reduce the persons normal anxiety about trying something new. If she knows what to expect, she can focus on the learning and training transfer rather than her potential discomfort with the unknown. * Make clear to the employee that thetraining is his/her responsibility and he/she needs to take the employee training seriously.She/he is expected to apply herself/himself to the employee training and development process before, during, and after the session. This includes completing pre-training assignments, actively participating in the session, and applying new ideas and skills upon returning to work. * Make sure that internal or external training providers supply pre-training assignments. Reading or thought-provoking exercises in advance of the session promote thoughtful consideration of the training content. Exercises or self-assessments, provided and scored in advance of the session, save precious training time for interaction and new information.Thes e ideas will engage the employee in thinking about the subject of the session prior to the training day. This supplies important paybacks in terms of his interest, commitment, and involvement. As the Care link in a serious situation in having a proper Training and development policy, better to have clime survey among the employees of the company, which will provide all the information on the expectations and thoughts of the employees, then as per the requirement of internal and external customers the training division can buildup training policy.Policy statements and procedures should be developed on topics such as the following, * Analyzing tasks, designing and developing training materials, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of training activities. * Identifying personnel qualification and training needs according to position descriptions, job assignments, previous education, training, and experience * Assessing the level of expertise of subcontract personnel and unor thodox employees performing work at the facility. * Pursuing job-related education activities. * Handling of individuals whose performance is marginal or inadequate during training (i. . , remedial training) * Describing training department and line organization responsibilities for the training and qualification of facility employees. * Incorporating into training lessons learned from facility and industry operating experiences. * Conducting consistent training and evaluation in the classroom, laboratory, simulator, and on-the-job training. * communicating between training and line managers (e. g. , curriculum committees, peer review groups) * Maintaining training records of personnel training and performance. * imperious and administering tests to maintain evaluation integrity. Training and qualifying instructors. * Scheduling of training activities and determining makeup requirements. * Maintaining control of training equipment. * Exceptions. * Facility evaluation criteria. * V endor short courses or use of vendors for training. Training procedures should describe the types of training and training programs to be conducted, training program prerequisites, and the training audience. The procedures should clearly indicate the training needed for each job position and the sequence in which it is to be completed.The procedures also may reflect the facilitys division of labor policies, position descriptions, and work assignment practices. CONCLUTION It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be cured by providing training. In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon workforce productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, give the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention will fit.Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means making sure that there is a real need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners will actually use what they have learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends. Effective training and development helps employees to reach their full potential whilst providing the organization with the skills and capabilities it needs for the long term.

Alan Greenspan Essay Example for Free

Alan Greenspan EssayMr. Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926 in newfangled York City. He had made his name as an astute the Statesn Economist. He had been the Chairman of the gore of Governors of the federal official prevail of the United States during the years 1987 to 2006. He presently advises different sectors on society in term of frugal science with his own GreenSpan Associates, LLC. It was President Ronald Reagan who installed him as the Chairman of the federal Reserve Board in 1987. Since then, he had been reinstalled by United Presidents for four more terms without recess (Greenspan, 1). He finally retired from the Federal Reserve Board on January 31, 2006 and transferred his powers to the next Chairman, Ben Bernanke . Alan Greenspan earned a name for himself with his outstanding maneuvering of the Black Monday downslope exchange scare when he was just a freshman as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. He as well proved himself a good manager with his sple ndid handling of the dot. com boom during the 1990s economic heydays. The avocation paragraphs explain yet his life, his economic theories and his accomplishments as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve Board (Faux, 1).As Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, he took good care of the effects brought about by the wrinkle mart bubble debacle during March of the year 2000. He then executed well during the nook that hit the United States during the 2000 to 2002 period. Alan Greenspan has been acknowledged as one of the stalwarts in the field of economic system in the American society. His economic policies are still reverberating to many corners of the United States until today despite his privacy as Chairman of the Federal Reserves Board of the United States( Blinder, 1).He was born of Hungarian Jew Parents in Washington Heights, N. Y. He finished his Clarinet Course in the Juilliard School between the years 1943 and 1944 (Milligan, 1). He canvas for his B. S. Economic s diploma in New York University. He graduated with honours in 1950. He further studied for his Master in Arts in Economics in Columbia University in 1950. Unfortunately, he was not able to finish his graduate studies. He was later conferred his master s degree without thesis by the same school in 1977 and a doctor in school of thought major in Economics later in December, 2005 (Greenspan, 1).Alan Greenspan worked as an economic adviser in the Conference Board of New York City which advices businessmen on business and economic matters. This was his job from the years 1948 to 1953. Alan Green Span had worked as a member of the venire of directors in many companies like the Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. , General Foods, Inc. , J. P. Morgan Co. , Inc. , Automatic entropy Processing, Inc. , Aluminum Company of America, Pittston Company among the other jobs he had held. He married twice. His first marriage was with Joan Mitchell in 1952.This marriage lasted only for one year. He again ma rried the media personality Barbara Walters in during the 1970s. His third married woman was Andrea Mitchell who was twenty years younger than him during their marriage in 1997 (Greenspan, 1). His economic theories Alan Greenspan believed in Objectivism. He was convinced of this theory by Ayn Rand who died some time later. Alan Greenspan had espoused this objectivism theory between the years 1950 to 1970. Alan Greenspan was very vocal of his economic darling called laissez Faire capitalism theory.Further, Alan Greenspan believes that the United States government must set up the environment to entice both the buyers and the sellers to freely do a selling a buying activity with the least interference from the government. He had infused his Objectivism philosophy into his economic theories. He emphasized that the Gold should be the foundation of the United States economy even though the United States economy is centered on the fiat money system with the influence of inflation touchin g the addition in the prices of basic goods and necessities (Jones, 1).Likewise, many objectivists complained that his stint as chairman of the federal reserves board had made him throw away to the dust bin his objectivist as well as his free market economy. Many complained that he was now acting like a puppet of the United States chairperson doing what the president commands him to do. Thus, he answered their charges by stating that every person who is a buyer or a seller has economic freedom. Meaning, the seller can sell as elevated a price as he could offer. On the other hand, the buyer has the freedom to buy as low a price as he could bid.In the end, both the buyers and the sellers leave alone have to meet halfway and this called meeting price is the equilibrium price. other term for this equilibrium amount is market price (Lapp, Douglass, Laksanasut, 1). This is what he answered as his basic economic theory in defense of his principles. In fact, he stated that his personal views and theories of economics had to budge a secondary to give way to all pressures brought about by the different affected sectors of the monetary common as Chairman of the Federal Reserves Board.He even insists the United States economy will do magnificently without the interference of the United States Central Bank if the gold standard is put into place. For, he explains that the United States account bills and coins are backed by their equivalent amount in gold bullions stocked safely within the fortified vaults of the United States Central Bank. In terms of mortgage negotiations, Alan Greenspan prodded the usual players in the mortgage pains to increase the types of mortgages in order to encourage more people to happily venture into the mortgage impart business (Tuccille, 1).His term as chairman of The Federal Reserve. Alan Greenspans appointment as the Chairman of the Federal Reserves Bank in 1987 by then President Ronald Reagan was made to replace the retiring capit al of Minnesota Volcker. The United States senators without delay approved his nomination to this prestigious and at the same time precarious position. For, the look of the financial community within the United States as well as its business contacts outside America are constantly on their toes watching every move Alan Greenspan makes (Tuccille, 1).His mental and physical aptitude was immediately put to the test when the bond market was harassed by a one day refuse in the bond market price which had only occurred for the first time five years age. Also, the stock market crash in 1987 had the United States economy pushed against the wall. Alan Greenspan successful fought out these two debacles when he stated that the Federal government stands firm in its resolve to aid any American business that require immediate money to keep their business going until the rarely rough dapple will boil down to tranquil and predictable economic conditions.In resolve, Alan Greenspan rode the rou gh economic difficulties by decreasing the protect of the United States dollar. Further, he camouflaged his every action at law and reaction to any economic and business situation by using speeches that were so blurred as the chairman of the Federal Reserves Board. His blurred speeches were his technique of keeping his detractors off -guard because they could not understand the real meanings behind his speeches. For, he did this to give him an added advantage.For example, he declared in one of his famous speeches that if a person feels that he or she understands fully the meaning of Alan Greenspans speeches, then this person is actually misunderstanding the speaker (Tuccille, 1). He admits his being misunderstood by the commonplace public will give him enough flexibility to remedy any economic situation in the lead the public finally comes around to fully comprehend what Alan Greenspans real intentions are.In fact, Alan Greenspan never explained to the public the relation of bo th the inflation rate and the current economic conditions to his decision as chairman of the Federal Reserves Board to decrease the interest rates. Definitely, the interest rates will consequently affect the increase or decrease in the number of loans transacted through the banks and other financial intermediaries. He had also orchestrate the increase in the credibility of the financial markets in his desire to beat inflation (Greenspan, 1). For, Alan Greenspan believes that the unemployment rate is greatly influenced by inflation.As inflation increases, then there is a higher probability that many workers will be retrenched. Finally, as chairman of the Federal Reserves Board, he was instrumental in beating box with his extra efforts pursued to lower the interest rate within the United States. In fact, Alan Greenspan was instrumental in lowering the interest rate from 3. 5% to only 3. 0 percent to soften the impact of the family 11, 2001 twin towers plane attacks. This reduction ri ppled economically causing an increase in the houses sold as well as increases in the refinancing industry (Blinder, 1).Alan Greenspan believed in Objectivism. Alan Greenspan was very vocal of his economic favorite called laissez Faire capitalism. Alan Greenspan sailed swimmingly through the rough times in terms of economic debacles Further, he camouflaged his every action and reaction to any economic and business situation by using speeches that were so blurred during his persist in as the chairman of the Federal Reserves Board. Conclusively, he was very instrumental in bringing the Unites States high above the murky workers of inflation, recession and unemployment.

Why Is Gatsby so Memorable to the Reader Essay Example for Free

Why Is Gatsby so Memorable to the Reader EssayThe Great Gatsby was first published in 1925 and was one of Fitzgeralds n first well-k directn overbolds. Many aspects of this harbour ca handlingd this mass popularity, however the main reasons are his use of romanticistic contemporaneousness and most importantly, his portrayal of the different reference. The different portrayals of the characters across Long island manipulate the refs opinion. adept of the most famous examples for this is Gatsby. Gatsby is a very memorable character for many different reasons, such as the portrayal of him by notch, his mannerisms, his reactions and doings. Each of these reasons helps him become memorable, however an otherwise important aspect of this memorability is the effects the Fitzgerald uses, romantic modernism, imagery, atmosphere, descriptions. one reason why Gatsby is memorable to the lector is because of Gatsbys role as an exception in Nicks, the storyteller of this story, newly formed opinion on the people in Long Island. go Nick has a strong negative reaction to his experiences in New York and eventually returns to the Midwest in search of a less morally ambiguous environment, even during his initial phase of disgust, Gatsby stands emerge for him as an exception.Nick admires Gatsby highly, despite the fact that Gatsby represents everything Nick scorns about New York as he merges n with the cluster of westernmost Egg, ostentation, garishness and flashy mannerisms, Gatsby clearly poses a challenge to Nicks customary ship canal of thinking about the world, and Nicks struggle to come to terms with that challenge inflects everything in the novel. One example of this is I wouldnt ask too much of her, I ventured. You cant double over the one-time(prenominal). Cant repeat the past? he cried incredulously. Why of course you can This quote shows us how motivated and dedicated Gatsby is to relive the past, with his lover Daisy. His undying, untameable pa ssion for her is constantly emphasised throughout the book. However, the most extraordinary(predicate) feature of this intimacy, in comparison to the other variant affairs of characters is that Gatsby wants to relive the past. Although his ideas and morals highlight everything that Nicks contradict, he still always has a sense of dedication towards Gatsby, such as world the only person at Gatsbys funeral.Nicks attitudes toward Gatsby and Gatsbys story are ambivalent and contradictory. At times he looks to disapprove of Gatsbys excesses and breaches of manners and ethics, but he also romanticizes and admires Gatsby, describing the events of the novel in a nostalgic and elegiac tone. This opinion formed by the narrator of this story now mean that Gatsby is more memorable because of the sometimes contradictory opinions on his character but also because of the narrators reaction to Gatsby.A second reason why Gatsby is memorable to the readers is because of the use of mystery and withheld culture throughout the beginning aspects of the book. This mystery is initially triggered when the readers first see Gatsby. He gave a sudden soupcon that he was content to be just he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, faraway as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. involuntarily I glanced seaward and distinguished nothing except a single spirt light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.When I looked once more for Gatsby he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unquiet darkness In this extract Gatsby is initially portrayed as a very mysterious and enigmatic character and interestingly stands in stark contrast to the other denizens of westerly Egg. Although Nick is unsure of this green lights origin or even what significance it represents for Gatsby, the interior(a) categoryning which is visible to Nick, mainly because of Gatsbys posture and emotional surrender to this green light makes h im seem the opposite of the previous surrounding, the sarcastic Ivy League set at the Buchanans.Gatsby is a mysterious render for Nick, since Nick knows neither his motives, nor the source of his wealth, nor his history, and the object of his yearning remains as remote and nebulous as the green light toward which he reaches. This imagery creates a tense atmosphere for the readers initial perception This use of mystery surrounding Gatsby helps him to become more memorable because he is the character who leads the readers end and is always indirectly at the center of everything.This helps Gatsby become more memorable by the use of withheld knowledge and mystery. Fitzgerald delays the introduction of most of this information until quite late in the novel. Gatsbys reputation precedes himGatsby himself does not come out in a speaking role until Chapter three. Fitzgerald initially presents Gatsby as the aloof, enigmatic host of the unbelievably overflowing break openies thr avouch e very week at his mansion. He appears surrounded by spectacular luxury, courted by knock-down(a) men and beautiful women.He is the subject of gossip throughout New York and is already a known celebrity before he is ever introduced to the reader. Fitzgerald propels the novel forward through the early chapters by shrouding Gatsbys background and the source of his wealth in mystery. As a result, the readers first, distant impressions of Gatsby draw quite a different note from that of the lovesick, naive young man who emerges through the later part of the novel. This also helps him to be more memorable.An alternative reason why Gatsby is memorable is his effect on other characters, although he is a stark contrast in many ways, this helps the audience to warm to him. Some of the delineate characteristics of Gatsby are his theatrical look as a character and also his charisma. Chapter three is when Fitzgerald creates a faithful examination on Gatsby and allows the reader to form an op inion alone. He had one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life.It faced, or seemed to face, the whole external world for an instant and then concentrated on you with an irresistible outrage in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself. This description of Gatsbys smile captures some(prenominal) the theatrical quality of Gatsbys character and his charisma effectively within its essence. Additionally, it encapsulates the manner in which Gatsby appears to the outside world, an image Fitzgerald slowly deconstructs as the novel progresses toward Gatsbys death in Chapter eight.One of the main facets of Gatsbys persona is that he acts out a role that he defined for himself when he was seventeen years old. His smile seems to be both an important part of the role and a result of the singular combination of hope and imaginat ion that enables him to put to work it so effectively. Here, Nick describes Gatsbys rare focushe has the ability to make anyone he smiles at feel as though he has chosen that person out of the whole external world, reflecting that persons most optimistic conception of him- or herself.This synecdoche of Gatsbys smile also makes the reader retrieve Gatsby a lot more than they may not have done as it represents his whole character as an unusual but yet enigmatic person. Another reason why Gatsby is memorable to the reader is because of the various comparisons and parallels drawn among other famous characters in stories. These are effective because they help the reader to further challenge their initial opinion on Gatsby but in an unusual, unfamiliar manner. The verity was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself.He was a son of Goda phrase which, if it means anything, means just thatand he must be about His Fathers business, the serv ice of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. In Chapter six, when Nick finally describes Gatsbys early history, he uses this striking comparison between Gatsby and savior Christ to illuminate Gatsbys creation of his own identity. Fitzgerald was influenced in drawing this parallel by a nineteenth-century book entitled The Life of Jesus.This book presents Jesus as a figure who essentially decided to make himself the son of God, then brought himself to ruin by refusing to recognize the reality that denied his self-conception. Renan describes a Jesus who is faithful to his self-created dream but scornful of the factual truth that finally crushes him and his dreama very appropriate description of Gatsby. Fitzgeralds devising of this metaphor allows Gatsby to be compared more thoroughly and also provides an association to the other ch aracters throughout the rest of the book.Though the parallel between Gatsby and Jesus is not an important motif in The Great Gatsby, it is nonetheless a suggestive comparison, as Gatsby transforms himself into the ideal that he envisioned for himself (a Platonic conception of himself) as a youngster and remains affiliated to that ideal, despite the obstacles that society presents to the fulfillment of his dream, such as the fact that Gatsby wants to repeat the past but the built in bed has changed completely.The final reason why Gatsby is so memorable is his impact throughout the novel. An initial factor of his memorability is that the book is called The Great Gatsby. Before the readers have even heard of this character they already start to question various aspects of him. However, the biggest impact he had was the dedication he created within Nick for him. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us.It eluded us then, but thats no mattertomorrow we go forth run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And then one fine morning So we discombobulate on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past These words conclude the novel and find Nick returning to the matter of the significance of the past to dreams of the future, here represented by the green light. He focuses on the struggle of valet de chambre beings to achieve their goals by both transcending and re-creating the past.Yet humans prove themselves unable to move beyond the past in the metaphoric language used here, the current draws them backward as they row forward toward the green light. This past functions as the source of their ideas about the future, epitomized by Gatsbys desire to re-create 1917 in his affair with Daisy, and they cannot escape it as they continue to struggle to transform their dreams into reality. While they never lose their optimism, tomorrow we pass on run faster, stretch out our arms farther . . . , t hey expend all of their energy in involvement of a goal that moves ever farther away. This apt metaphor characterizes both Gatsbys struggle and the American dream itself. Nicks words register neither blind approval nor cynical disenchantment but rather the respectful melancholy that he ultimately brings to his study of Gatsbys life. Therefore general Gatsby is a memorable character mainly because of his portrayal by Nick and Fitzgeralds use of imagery to be described. Throughout, Gatsby changes the atmosphere and always clings to the mind of the reader.

Data-collection in Qualitative Research Essay Example for Free

Data-collection in soft Research EssayThis Chapter is about methods and techniques in data-collection during a qualitative search. We mentioned earlier that qualitative interrogation is eclectic. That is, the extract of techniques is dependent on the needs of the research. Although this should be true for or so all social research, it is particularly so with qualitative research in that the appropriate method or techniques is often identified and adopted during the research. qualitative research is besides multi-modal. The tec whitethorn adopt a variety of research techniques, or a combination of such, as long as they argon justified by the needs. The discussion below is indeed not to identify a set of techniques unique to qualitative research, just rather, to chisel in the methods and techniques most comm besides used in qualitative research, and the issues related to such use.We shall introduce the methods and techniques in three broad categories placards, interview s and field of view of documents. These are withal the basic methods used in cultural anthropology (Bernard, 198862). Indeed, the discussions about qualitative research in education support be viewed as a particular case in cultural anthropology. reflectivitysObservation usually means the researchers act to find out what people do (Bernard, 198862). It is disparate from new(prenominal)(a) methods in that data occur not necessarily in response to the researchers stimulus.Observation may be officious or unobtrusive. A researcher may simply sit in the corner of a domesticate playground and honor how students be stomach during breaks. He may in like manner stand by the educate inlet and observe how students behave at the school gate. Such cases of observation may be seen as unobtrusive. In other cases, the researchers may not apply any stimuli, but their presence per se may have some influence on the scene. The most common example in this category is classroom observation . Although the researcher may just sit quietly at the corner of a classroom, the presence of the researcher may wobble the classroom climate. It is, nonetheless, dumb observation.Observation is a basic technique used in almost all qualitative research. Even if other methods or techniques are used, the researcher remains the most inborn sensor or instrument and hence observation al slipway counts (McCracken, 198818-20). For example, when interviewing is used, a qualitative researcher also takes into account the tonic or facial expressions of the informant, because they help interpret the verbal responses. Such expressions are only aced by observation.If the interview is done in the field, thence the surroundings of the interview site also provide meaningful data for the research. The surroundings depose only be depicted through observation. accordingly observation is indispensable in almost all occasions of qualitative research. However, the term observation may sometimes go be yond what is seen. It also pertains to what is heard, and even sometimes what is smelled. lineament 4.1 provides one of such examples.Case 4.1 classroom Observation SchemeIn the IIEP project on basic education, Leung designed for the Chinese research a lineation for classroom observation. Classroom was taken as one of the environmental factors affecting students learning. The scheme was designed after Leung stayed in local schools for two days. The scheme did not confine itself to the performance of the teacher, although that was a part. The figure on the next page shows one of the six sections of the scheme.Different writers have different ways of crystalliseing observations. Without running into juggling of definitions, we shall briefly introduce observations as player observations and non-participant observations. More detailed classification of observations can be set in Bernard (1988), Goetz and LeCompte (1984) and Patton (1990).Participant ObservationParticipant observatio n is perchance the most regular(prenominal) of qualitative research.Some authors even use participant observation as a synonym for ethnographicalal research. Different writers may have slightly different definitions of participant observation. The pursuance description by Fetterman is perhaps the most agreeable to most researchers.Participant observation is immersion in a culture. Ideally, the ethnographer lives and works in the community for six months to a year or more, learning the language and seeing patterns of behaviour oer time. Long-term residence helps the researcher internalize the basic beliefs, fears, hopes and expectations of the people under translate. (198945)Immersion of the participant can either be continuous or noncontinuous. The three classical cases we quoted in Chapter 1 all take participation in the continuous mode. Lis subject field of classroom sociology (Cases 3.8 and 3.9) involved one years continuous residence. In the second and third year she w ent to the school three days a week. She combined continuous with noncontinuous participant observations. Fetterman used noncontinuous participation when he was doing qualitative evaluation of educational programmes.Case 4.2 noncontinuous VisitsIn two ethnographic studies, of dropouts and of gifted children, Fetterman visited the programmes for only a few weeks every couple of months over a three-year period. The visits were intensive. They included classroom observation, familiar interviews, occasional substitute teaching, interaction with community members, and the use of various other research techniques, including long-distance phone-calls, dinner with students families, and time spent hanging out in the hallways and parking clustering with students cutting classes. (Fetterman, 198946-7) II. Environment of the classroom1. The classroom is on the _____ ditch of the school building.2. The classroom is near( ) residential area ( ) factories( ) road(s) ( ) field( ) marketplace( ) others _______________________________________3. The number of windows which provide lighting and ventilation to the classroom ( ) satisfies the required old-hat( ) is below the required standard4. The main artificial lighting facility in the classroom is ( ) florescent tubes aggregate no.__________________( ) light bulbs total no.__________________5. Condition of lighting during the lesson ( ) bright ( ) dim ( ) dark6. Ventilation in the classroom( ) well ventilated ( ) stuffy ( ) suffocating7. Quality of air in the classroom( ) refreshing ( ) a bit smelly ( ) stingy8. Environments for listening( ) very quiet ( ) occasional noise ( ) noisy9. Classrooms floor structure( ) concrete ( ) log ( ) mud ( ) carpet10. Classrooms floor condition( ) clean ( ) some bedding material ( ) full of rubbish11. Classrooms wall conditions( ) smooth clean ( ) some stains ( ) dirty damaged12. Classrooms area _____________m2 area/person _____ m2.13. Space use in classroom( ) looks spatial ( ) fair ly displace ( ) very crowded14. Furniture and other article arrangements in the classroom ( ) orderly and tidy ( ) messy1Figure 1 Classroom Observation Scheme (Designed by Leung Yat-ming) Whytes follow up in the Italian slum (Case 2) is perhaps the nearest to elevated in participant observation. He stayed in the community for two years. He experienced the life of a member of the Italian slum. In Whytes case, native membership allows the researcher the highest level of participant observation.Most researchers are denied such an opportunity, often because of constraints in time and resources, as we have discussed at length in Chapter 3. downstairs all sorts of constraints, at best the researcher lives as much as accomplishable with and in the same manner as the individuals under investigation (Goetz and LeCompte, 1984 109). In these circumstances, the researchers may not claim that they was doing ethnography, but it is accepted to apply ethnographic approach and techniques to the study (Fetterman, 198947). Participant observation in its broad sense so tolerates different lengths of time and different degrees of depth. There is a full range of possible modes of participant observation, what Wolcott calls ethnographer sans1 ethnography (Wolcott, 1984 177).The most frequent case in education is that a researcher may stay in a school and become a teacher in that school. The researcher identity may or may not be cloaked. The researcher may then, as a participant, observe teachers behaviours in teaching, in meetings, in conversations, and so forth.Sometimes, the researcher is readily a member of the community (say, a school) and may still carry out research as a participant observer. However, in this case, the researcher should be informed of his/her knowledge of the community and should be cautious that such knowledge would not lead to preoccupations about the school under research. In cases where the researchers have successfully gained membership (as Why te did in the Italianslum), the distinction between a native member and the researcher-as-participant begins to blur. This insider-outsider dialectics will be further discussed later.Nonparticipant ObservationStrictly speaking, nonparticipant observation involves merely observation what is happening and recording events on the spot. In the qualitative orientation, because of the non-intervention principle, strict nonparticipant observation should involve no interaction between the observer and the observed. Goetz and LeCompte assert that in the strict sense nonparticipant observation exists only where interactions are viewed through hidden camera and recorder or through one-way mirror (1984 143).Dabbs (198241), for example, used hidden camera in Atlanta at a plaza in Georgia State University, and studied an informal group that frequently gathered during the morning break. There are examples of using hidden video-cameras in school toilets to study drug problem among students, or to use unnoticed audio recording device to study student interactions. The use of audio or video recording device often invites concern in ethnical considerations. Such problems are similar to those arising in using one-way mirrors in interviews or mental experiments. Such cases are rare in policy-related research. some other case of nonparticipant observation with ethical problem is disguised observation, or covert observation. A typical example is Humphreys (1975) study on homosexual activities. He did not participate in such activities, but offered to act as watch queen, warning his informants when someone approached the toilet. Another famous example is Van Maanens covert study of police. He became practically a police recruit. all over more than a decade, he slipped in and out of the police in various research roles (Van Maanen, 1982). blind observations are again rare in research which is related to educational decision-making.Hidden camera or recorder and covert observation o ccur only exceptionally.Most author would accept the watching of audition behaviour during a basketball game (Fetterman, 198947) or the watching of pedestrian behaviour over a street as acceptable examples of nonparticipant observations. Interaction between the researcher and the social community under study is often unavoidable. We have again discussed this at length in Chapter 3 under the notion of researcher intervention. If we perceive the problem of intervention as a matter of degrees, then the distinction between participant observation and nonparticipant observation begins to blur. The everyday principle across the board is that the researchers should minimize their interactions with the informants and focus attention unobtrusively on the stream of events (Goetz and LeCompte, 1984143).Wolcotts study of school principal (Case 3) was perhaps the most intensive type of nonparticipant observation that one could find in the realm of education. (He also used other supplementary m ethods as mentioned in Case 3). He did live with the school for two years, but he did not participate as a school principal which was his subject of study. He saw his role as one of participant-as-observer (Wolcott, 19847). So was Lis study (Case 3.8) of classroom sociology in her first year.She did stay with the school as a teacher but she never became a student which was her subject of study. The following two years of her study, however, was not nonparticipant observation because she use experimental measures. During the UNICEF research in Liaoning, the basic method I used was interviewing and not nonparticipant observation, but I did have, at times, nonparticipant observation when debates occurred between the local planners and the provincial planners (Case 3.7), or when planners chat among themselves about their past experience in the field.The most frequently employed nonparticipant observation which is relevant to educational decision-making is perhaps observation at meetings . Typically, the researcher attends a meeting as an observer. The researcher tries to be as unobtrusive as possible and records everything that happens during the meeting. When Wolcott did his study on the school principal, he was present at all meetings unless he was told otherwise (Wolcott, 19844). The following was my experience of a non-participant observation in china.Case 4.3 A Validation SeminarI realized during the UNICEF research in Liaoning (Case 4) that one essential step in the planning for basic education in China was validation. When drafting of an education plan was complete, the draft plan had to endure scrutiny in what is known as a validation seminar. In essence, all those related to the plan, including leaders at all levels, representatives of all relevant government departments, experts from all areas are invited to discuss. Relevant documents are sent to the participants well in advance. They are then asked to comment on the plan during the validation exercise . Only validated plans are submitted to relevant machinery for legislation. The validation seminar for Liaoning was regrettably held before the UNICEF research. I got an opportunity, however, a year after in 1988, when the Shanghai educational plan was to undergo validation.The host of the meeting agreed to send me an invitation. I attended the meeting in the name of an impertinent expert, although I made clear to the host that my major task was not to contribute. They agreed. During the meeting, I was able to observe the roles of the various actors during the meeting. I was also able to talk to individual participants during tea breaks and meals to understand their background and their general views about educational planning. I was able to do a number of things over the two-day meeting (a) to classify the over 40 participants into technocrats, bureaucrats, policy-makers and academics (b) to understand the different extents in which the participants contributed to the modification of the plan (c) the disparity in subject among participants in terms of information and expertise (d) the inter-relations between the different categories of actors and (e) the function of the validation exercise. In the end, I concluded that validation was a way of legitimation, which employed both technical (expert judgement) and political (participation) means to addition the acceptability of the plan before it went for legal endorsement. The political aspect came to me as a surprise. It indicated a change in the notion of rationality among Chinese planners and policy-makers.InterviewingInterviewing is widely used in qualitative research. Compared with observation, it is more economical in time, but may achieve less in understanding the culture. The economy in time, however, makes ethnographic interviewing almost the most widely used technique in policy-related research.Interviewing is trying to understand what people count through their speech. There are different types of interviews, often classified by the degrees of control over the interview. on this line, we shall briefly introduce three types of interviewing informal interviewing, unstructured interviewing, semi-structured interviewing, and formally structured interviewing. We shall also briefly introduce key-informant interviewing and focus groups which are specialised types of ethnographic interviewing.Qualitative research of course has no monopoly over interviewing. Interviewing is also frequently used in research of other traditions. The difference between ethnographic interviewing and interviewing in other traditions lies mainly in two areas the interviewer-interviewee relationship and the aims of interviews. Ethnographic interviewees, or informants, are teachers rather than subjects to the researcher, they are leaders rather than followers in the interview. The major aim of the interview should not be seeking responses to specific questions, but initiating the informant to unfold data.Re aders may find more detailed discussions about ethnographic interviewing in Spradley (1979) who provides perhaps the most insightful account of the subject. In-depth discussions about ethnographic interviewing can also be found in Bernard (1988), Patton (1990), Fetterman (1989) and Powney and Watts (1987).Informal InterviewingInformal interviewing entails no control. It is usually conversations that the researcher recall after staying in the field. It is different fromobservation in that it is interactive. That is, the informant speaks to the researcher. By its own nature, informal interviewing is the most ethnographic in the sense that it is not responding to any formal question. It is part of the self-unfolding process.